A Case Study as a Research Method Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

An as a Research Method - Case Study Example Contextual analyses are normally held about some social issues or substances which are â€Å"†¦intricately associated with political, social, authentic, and individual issues, giving wide-going prospects to questions and including complexity† It follows a similar example as some other basic examination, yet there are a couple of significant advances that one needs to deal with while planning and leading one. These incorporate the accompanying: 1. Assurance of the examination question is the first and the chief interest of any exploration attempt. In this progression, the specialist can concentrate on the multifaceted nature of the subject inside thought and attempts to look for answers to a couple of inquiries beginning with ‘how’ and ‘why’. 2. The subsequent advance is to decide the kind of contextual investigation. Regardless of whether it be inherent due to researcher’s individual intrigue, or instrumental for more than negligible surface information about the issue, or aggregate on account of the thought of a gathering of comparable cases, or exploratory, or illustrative, or expressive. 3. After the assurance of the sort of exploration type, the following is to choose the information assortment devices which are to guarantee legitimacy and unwavering quality of the information. Interrogation and inside assessment are significant apparatuses in such manner. 4. To compose the enormous measure of information to be assembled by means of various sources, the specialist needs to design a â€Å"databases to help with ordering, arranging, putting away, and recovering information for analysis†. 5. Field study and notes are the most significant in such manner as they and to the exemplariness of the issue.

Medical Data Analytics Using R

Clinical Data Analytics Using R 1.) R for Recency => months since last gift, 2.) F for Frequency => absolute number of gift, 3.) M for Monetary => aggregate sum of blood gave in c.c., 4.) T for Time => months since first gift and 5.) Binary variable => 1 - > gave blood, 0-> didnt give blood. The principle thought behind this dataset is the idea of relationship the board CRM. In light of three measurements: Recency, Frequency and Monetary (RFM) which are 3 out of the 5 qualities of the dataset, we would have the option to foresee whether a client is probably going to give blood again based to a promoting effort. For instance, clients who have given or visited all the more at present (Recency), all the more often (Frequency) or made higher money related qualities (Monetary) are bound to react to a promoting exertion. Clients with less RFM score are more averse to respond. It is likewise known in client conduct, that the hour of the principal positive communication (gift, buy) isn't huge. Be that as it may, the Recency of the last gift is significant. In the conventional RFM usage every client is positioned dependent on his RFM esteem parameters against the various clients and that builds up a score for each client. Clients with greater scores are bound to respond in a positive manner for instance (visit again or give). The model develops the recipe which could foresee the accompanying issue. Keep in storehouse just clients that are bound to keep giving later on and evacuate the individuals who are more averse to give, given a specific timeframe. The past articulation additionally decides the difficult which will be prepared and tried in this undertaking. Right off the bat, I made a .csv document and produced 748 special arbitrary numbers in Excel in the space [1,748] in the main section, which relates to the clients or clients ID. At that point I moved the entire information from the .txt document (transfusion.data) to the .csv record in exceed expectations by utilizing the delimited (,) alternative. At that point I arbitrarily split it in a train record and a test document. The train document contains the 530 examples and the test record has the 218 cases. A short time later, I read both the preparation dataset and the test dataset. From the past outcomes, we can see that we have no absent or invalid qualities. Information reaches and units appear to be sensible. Figure 1 above delineates boxplots of the considerable number of traits and for both train and test datasets. By analyzing the figure, we notice that both datasets have comparative appropriations and there are a few exceptions (Monetary > 2,500) that are obvious. The volume of blood variable has a high connection with recurrence. Since the volume of blood that is given each time is fixed, the Monetary worth is relative to the Frequency (number of gifts) every individual gave. For instance, if the measure of blood attracted every individual was 250 ml/sack (Taiwan Blood Services Foundation 2007) March then Monetary = 250*Frequency. This is additionally why in the prescient model we won't think about the Monetary characteristic in the execution. In this way, it is sensible to expect that clients with higher recurrence will have significantly higher Monetary worth. This can be checked additionally outwardly by analyzing the Monetary anomalies for the train set. We recover back 83 exa mples. All together, to see better the measurable scattering of the entire dataset (748 occasions) we will take a gander at the standard deviation (SD) between the Recency and the variable whether client has given blood (Binary variable) and the SD between the Frequency and the Binary variable.The dissemination of scores around the mean is little, which implies the information is concentrated. This can likewise be seen from the plots. From this relationship grid, we can confirm what was expressed over, that the recurrence and the money related qualities are corresponding information sources, which can be seen from their high connection. Another perception is that the different Recency numbers are not variables of 3. This goes to restriction with the thing the depiction said about the information being gathered at regular intervals. Also, there is consistently a most extreme number of times you can give blood per certain period (for example 1 time for each month), yet the information shows that. 36 clients gave blood more than once and 6 clients had given at least multiple times around the same time. The highlights that will be utilized to ascertain the forecast of whether a client is probably going to give again are 2, the Recency and the Frequency (RF). The Monetary element will be dropped. The quantity of classes for R and F characteristics will be 3. The most elevated RF score will be 33 proportional to 6 when included and the least will be 11 identical to 2 when included. The edge for the additional score to decide if a client is bound to give blood again or not, will be set to 4 which is the middle worth. The clients will be allocated to classes by arranging on RF properties just as their scores. The record with the donators will be arranged on Recency first (in rising request) since we need to see which clients have given blood all the more as of late. At that point it will be arranged on recurrence (in plummeting request this time since we need to see which clients have given more occasions) in every Recency class. Aside from arranging, we should apply some business decid es that have happened after various tests: For Recency (Business rule 1): In the event that the Recency in months is under 15 months, at that point these clients will be relegated to class 3. In the event that the Recency in months is equivalent or more noteworthy than 15 months and under 26 months, at that point these clients will be doled out to classification 2. Something else, on the off chance that the Recency in months is equivalent or more prominent than 26 months, at that point these clients will be appointed to classification 1 Furthermore, for Frequency (Business rule 2): On the off chance that the Frequency is equivalent or more prominent than multiple times, at that point these clients will be appointed to classification 3. On the off chance that the Frequency is under multiple times or more prominent than 15 months, at that point these clients will be appointed to class 2. On the off chance that the Frequency is equivalent or under multiple times, at that point these clients will be appointed to class 1 RESULTS The yield of the program are two littler records that have come about because of the train document and the other one from the test record, that have prohibited a few clients that ought not be viewed as future targets and kept those that are probably going to react. A few insights about the exactness, review and the decent F-score of the train and test record have been determined and printed. Besides, we register the supreme contrast between the outcomes recovered from the train and test document to get the counterbalance blunder between these measurements. By doing this and checking that the blunder numbers are irrelevant, we approve the consistency of the model executed. In addition, we delineate two disarray networks one for the test and one for the preparation by ascertaining the genuine positives, bogus negatives, bogus positives and genuine negatives. For our situation, genuine positives relate to the clients (who gave on March 2007) and were named future conceivable donators. Bogus negatives relate to the clients (who gave on March 2007) yet were not delegated future potential focuses for showcasing efforts. Bogus positives connect to clients (who didn't give on March 2007) and were erroneously named conceivable future targets. In conclusion, genuine negatives which are clients (who didn't give on March 2007) and were accurately delegated not conceivable future donators and thusly expelled from the information record. By arrangement we mean the use of the limit (4) to isolate those clients who are more probable and more averse to give again in a specific future period. Finally, we figure 2 progressively single worth measurements for both train and test records the Kappa Statistic (general measurement utilized for arrangement frameworks) and Matthews Correlation Coefficient or cost/reward measure. Both are standardized insights for characterization frameworks, its qualities never surpass 1, so a similar measurement can be utilized even as the quantity of perceptions develops. The mistake for the two measures are MCC blunder: 0.002577ã‚â and Kappa error:ã‚â 0.002808, which is extremely little (unimportant), comparably with all the past measures. REFERENCES UCI Machine Learning Repository (2008) UCI AI storehouse: Blood transfusion administration focus informational collection. Accessible at: http://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Blood+Transfusion+Service+Center (Accessed: 30 January 2017). Fundation, T.B.S. (2015) Operation division. Accessible at: http://www.blood.org.tw/Internet/english/docDetail.aspx?uid=7741pid=7681docid=37144 (Accessed: 31 January 2017). The Appendix with the code begins beneath. Anyway the entire code has been transferred on my Git Hub profile and this is where it tends to be gotten to. https://github.com/it21208/RassignmentDataAnalysis/mass/ace/RassignmentDataAnalysis.R library(ggplot2) library(car) Ââ # read preparing and testing datasets traindata à ¯Ã¦'Ã¥ ¸Ã£â€šÃ¢ read.csv(C:/Users/Alexandros/Dropbox/MSc/second Semester/Data investigation/Assignment/transfusion.csv) testdata à ¯Ã¦'Ã¥ ¸Ã£â€šÃ¢ read.csv(C:/Users/Alexandros/Dropbox/MSc/second Semester/Data investigation/Assignment/test.csv) # relegating the datasets to dataframes dftrain à ¯Ã¦'Ã¥ ¸ data.frame(traindata) dftest à ¯Ã¦'Ã¥ ¸ data.frame(testdata) sapply(dftrain, typeof) # give better names to segments names(dftrain)[1] à ¯Ã¦'Ã¥ ¸ ID names(dftrain)[2] à ¯Ã¦'Ã¥ ¸ recency names(dftrain)[3]㠯æ'Ã¥ ¸frequency names(dftrain)[4]㠯æ'Ã¥ ¸cc names(dftrain)[5]㠯æ'Ã¥ ¸time names(dftrain)[6]㠯æ'Ã¥ ¸donated # names(dftest)[1]à ¯Ã†'Ã… ¸ID names(dftest)[2]㠯æ'Ã¥ ¸recency names(dftest)[3]㠯æ'Ã¥ ¸frequency names(dftest)[4]㠯æ'Ã¥ ¸cc names(dftest)[5]㠯æ'Ã¥ ¸time names(dftest)[6]㠯æ'Ã¥ ¸donated # drop time segment from the two records dftrain$ti

AL 3 CRJ 520II Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

AL 3 CRJ 520II Response - Essay Example Ebb and flow inquire about recommends sedate court projects and adolescent projects, which incorporate restorative, instructive, and family segments, give off an impression of being powerful in recidivism decrease (Drake and Miller, 2009). As indicated by explore, intellectual social projects frequently lead to positive results. These positive results are relied upon to bring about a 6.9% recidivism decrease (Drake and Miller, 2009). With respect to high hazard guilty parties, Lipsey and Landenberger (2005) discovered littler example size, participation checking, intercession adherence, and psychological wellness experts described the exploration and showing programs. Positive results were accounted for. Specialists further propose positive results are relied on the nature of the psychological social program gave. Maybe actualizing grown-up treatment programs that look like adolescent treatment projects will end up being successful. To begin with, I would get criticism from residents in my home state so as to get a general agreement. I would hold a town lobby/network meeting in huge/key wards. I would welcome key players to talk including province prison and state jail authorities, people who work in wrongdoer treatment programs, post trial agents, prison guards, a spending expert, and a couple restored detainees who have profited by treatment during and after restriction. What's more, I would likewise welcome relatives of detainees to talk in regards to the viability of recovery. Obviously this appears to be somewhat over board, however we are talking about an issue that influences everybody in the state. My discourse: We are largely mindful that crime percentages change. Some exploration and factual information battle crime percentages have dropped. However some exploration and measurable information battle crime percentages have expanded. What's more, all through this nation including this state, we have seen an expansion in imprisonment rates, with no conceivable

The Interplay of Black and White in Invisible Man - Literature Essay Samples

In his seminal work Invisible Man, Ralph Ellison depicts the dramatic and enlightening account of the life of the novel’s main character as he grows in understanding of himself and the reality of the world he inhabits. This unnamed narrator, a black man in a white man’s America, initially sets his sights on becoming the kind of successful, notable black man that pleases whites before becoming disillusioned with this concept and struggling to retain his own identity. Throughout his trials, the narrator is subjected to the suffocating and ever-present subjugation of his race, even as he seems to be in control of his own choices. Interestingly, Ellison chooses to illustrate this developing racial power dynamic with recurring descriptions of black and white objects that serve as representations of the two races and their relation to each other in the novel. With extensive black and white symbolism and imagery that ultimately portrays the cruelly inescapable domination of wh ites over blacks in this time period, Ellison paints a nuanced picture of the racial power dynamic characterizing the United States of the early 20th century. Ellison initializes this connection between the literal colors of black and white and the actual races with the symbolic object of a blindfold, creating a clear statement on the kind of treatment to which whites are subjecting blacks. Deceived by his school’s superintendent, the narrator finds himself in the midst of a â€Å"battle royal† with other young black men meant for the entertainment of a room of rich white dignitaries (Ellison 17). He is soon blinded with â€Å"broad bands of white cloth,† as are the other men forced to brawl (Ellison 21). This white blindfold effectively serves as a literal representation of what whites are doing to blacks figuratively: blinding them from reality for the purpose of controlling them. In order to keep the African American population complacent with the intolerable state of race relations in society, it is necessary to prevent them from seeing things for what they are. Whites trick blacks such as the narrator into believi ng that their current situation is not undesirable, but accomplished, allowing the white population to better keep them under their dominion. This initial portrayal of the racial power dynamic crafts a clear and straightforward image of who has the power and who doesn’t in 20th-century American society. Later on and throughout the story, Ellison deepens this understanding by establishing a relationship between white clothing and power, thereby leading the reader to make the connection that all power somehow originates from whites. The first notable example of this relationship occurs at the Golden Day, the bar to which the narrator brings the sickly Mr. Norton for a drink after his visit with Jim Trueblood. Upon their arrival at the tavern, a group of irreverent black veterans, many of which appear to be mentally-ill, practically swarm the elderly Mr. Norton. Soon their caretaker, Supercargo, makes his bombastic appearance: â€Å"WHAT’S GOING ON DOWN THERE?† a voice shouted from the balcony. Everyoneturned. I saw a huge black giant of a man, dressed only in white shorts, swaying on thestairs. It was Supercargo, the attendant. I hardly recognized him without his hard-starchedwhite uniform. Usually he walked around threatening the men with a strait jacket whichhe always carried over his arm, and usually they were quiet and submissive in hispresence. But now they seemed not to recognize him and began shouting curses. (Ellison82) Typically Supercargo dons an all-white uniform for carrying out his duties as attendant. In distinguishing himself this way, he can command authority among the men he is tasked to look after. However, when he is lacking the complete white suit from which he derives his power, this becomes difficult and even impossible, as his wards eventually turn against him. In this example, Supercargo’s white uniform is emblematic of the intimidating power that whites possess over their black counterparts, for once he is removed from his uniform, Supercargo seems to lose any control he once had over the war veterans. This relationship between Supercargo and white power becomes even more apparent as the veterans begin to take out their frustrations on this traditional power dynamic through beating Supercargo, a proxy or stand-in for the white man. Thus, the overpowering of Supercargo by black men does not signify a reversal of the power structure; rather, as he is no longer imbued with the a uthority of his currently absent white uniform, this scene serves simply as a kind of catharsis for the men, who still make the connection between their black caretaker clad in white and the domineering power of whites themselves. Ellison adds another facet to the racial power dynamic in Invisible Man with the intermixing of black and white paint later on in the book. After giving up on his futile mission of delivering Bledsoe’s letters in the hopes of one day returning to school, the narrator takes up a job at Liberty Paints, manufacturer of the â€Å"Optic White† paint sold chiefly to the government (Ellison 201). This fact in itself reveals something of how Ellison sees the U.S. government’s role the racial power dynamic: it seeks to maintain power over blacks by painting itself white, effectively barring blacks from having a say within government by electing mainly whites to official positions. What reveals more insight, though, is the way in which this Optic White paint is made. As the narrator’s new (and short-lived) boss, Kimbro, demonstrates the steps involved, the narrator looks on in confusion, for in order to craft the purest white paint of all, according to Kimbro, one m ust incorporate a good deal of jet black liquid into the mix (Ellison 200). This detail adds an intriguing dimension to the standard power structure of white dominance over blacks. Through following this recipe for creating Optic White paint, Ellison leads the reader to determine that white society takes the contributions of what they see as the inferior black population and exploits them to become even greater, if not more powerful. It can be said, then, that, in a way, whites derive their power from simply taking advantage of what blacks have to offer in society without acknowledging the source. The complexity of this relationship between the races calls for imagery that is somewhat illogical; the narrator is so dumbfounded at the sight of the paint and black liquid interplaying in this way partly because this likely would not occur. The improbability of this kind of chemical reaction—at least to the average reader—makes it obvious that Ellison is not aiming to achie ve scientific accuracy, but rather expound on the relationship between whites and blacks hitherto established with other imagery of this nature. Towards the conclusion of Ellison’s work, the author illustrates how the narrator figures personally into this racial power dynamic, again with colored clothing. After once again becoming disillusioned (now with the Brotherhood), the narrator is accosted by some of Ras the Exhorter’s men as he is walking through the streets of Harlem. To disguise himself he obtains a pair of dark sunglasses and a large white hat, leading to numerous instances of mistaken identity for a seemingly ubiquitous character known as Rinehart (Ellison 484). In the context of this escapade through Harlem disguised as Rinehart, his newly acquired white hat symbolizes the co-opting of the power associated with clothing of the same color for his own purposes of protection through invisibility. To most whites—as he soon comes to fully realize at the end of the novel—the narrator is practically invisible: people avoid noticing him, and even when they acknowledge his physical presence, th ey do not care about his personal concerns or ideas. This is made painfully apparent to the narrator, as well as the reader, with his later encounters with fellow members of the Brotherhood. Even though he obviously has the most pertinent and valuable experience among them, they refuse to accept his opinions on the actions the Brotherhood should take to better connect with the people of Harlem, preferring instead that he just reiterate what they want to hear. The Brotherhood (as a stand-in for white society at large) ignores the narrator’s ideas and perspective—in essence failing to truly see him. The hat utilizes this invisibility to his advantage as he attempts to avoid confrontations with Ras’s cronies and thus represents a re-purposing of a traditionally white power, adding yet another layer to the complex condition of race relations at play here. While whites maintain prominent control over their black counterparts, this does not prevent people such as the narrator from finding ways to exploit this very power dynamic and thereby benefit from it in some aspect. The narrator’s newfound power through adopting white clothing is highlighted once again in the detail of his shoes provided purposefully by Ellison. After a woman realizes the he is indeed not â€Å"Rine the runner† on account of the lack of Rinehart’s signature shoes, the narrator becomes â€Å"aware of [his] black-and-white shoes for the first time since the day of Clifton’s shooting† (Ellison 492). This is one of the only times that both the colors black and white coexist on a single item of clothing, and it is the first time the book addresses the bicolor nature of his shoes, emphasizing the importance of this particular detail. The significance of his shoes lies in the fact that black and white share an equal place by occupying space on the same article of clothing. Not only does this reinforce the connection between the narrator’s newly-achieved empowerment and the color white, but it serves as a harbinger of what Ellison sees as the po tential future of the racial power dynamic explored with black and white symbolism up to this point. Shoes, being the means with which one steps forward firmly, link the equality of the literal colors on the narrator’s footwear with the equality of the races that Ellison foresees for the future. From the beginning of Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man, the author makes the deliberate choice to describe and comment on the power relationship between whites and blacks that characterized the early-20th-century America in which the events of the novel take place through careful and consistent references to black and white objects, particularly clothing. Over the course of his story detailing the life and struggles of the narrator, Ellison develops this dynamic into something much more complicated. In so doing, he no doubt hopes to paint a more accurate picture of events as he himself experienced, for things in real life are hardly ever so simple. While whites do indeed maintain tight control of the power dynamic between them and blacks, even those subjugated by these forces find ways to exploit them for their own benefit and create some semblance of power. Nevertheless, throughout the novel it remains clear to the reader that the power and domination exerted by the white popula tion—and even by the U.S. government—over the African American population and society is total and inescapable. Even men like Bledsoe and the narrator, who seem to possess some power in their positions for a time, only come by this power by the allowance and facilitation of whites. At the same time, however, with this same tool of color, Ellison expresses a resolute hope for an equality that awaits in the future. By constructing and developing this theme throughout his entire work, Ellison communicates to the reader the feelings experienced by the African American population during this period of United States history.

The Two Sides of the Harry Potter Story

The Two Sides of the Harry Potter Story There is no doubt that the Harry Potter series has made a huge impact on the minds of children. The debate is on whether that impact has been positive or negative. On one side there is a group that says the book promotes good behavior through the main characters in the story. They go through tough situations but yet stand up for the truth and do things that are morally right. They say that this has a very positive influence on children. The other group states that the inclusion of witchcraft and dark elements in the book can expose young minds to the world of the occult, which could be a serious problem. They feel that there are better ways to teach morals to children than by dabbling with witchcraft. Both groups seem to have valid points and it is necessary to hold open debate to come to a proper conclusion. Although we cannot say that there is any solid proof of the stories having a positive, moral influence on the minds of kids, there is abundant proof that these single series have had a profound influence on their reading habits, than any other book has had on this generation of kids. With the abundance of video games and the Internet, children have for a long time had entertainment through the electronic medium. But the Harry Potter series has been able to successfully reverse that trend. Scores of children have been waned away from their electronic toys towards reading the Harry Potter books. Children even end up rereading these books as they grow up. This story has definitely had an immense impact of children’s reading habits. This factor perhaps needs to be taken into consideration when debating about the books’ influence on kids.

Differences Between The Faulins Tale And The Canterbury...

If you and 29 of your friends went on a trip and all told stories, whose story would win? In the case of The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, this was the question at hand. The Canterbury Tales explains the religious pilgrimage of many individuals to Canterbury, and the stories they told along the way. With them traveled a Host, who served as the judge of the contest. He determined who the winner would be based off of how clean the story was and if the story was morally sound or not. The prize for winning the storytelling contest was a free dinner. Based on the rules set by the Host, The Franklin would have won the contest. The first criteria that each story must meet, is that it must be clean. Both of these tales reflect on†¦show more content†¦Even when Arveragus has to be away from Dorigen, their love survives as well as their faithfulness. â€Å"The Merchant’s Tale† on the the other hand is not so clean. This story depicts the marriage of an o ld knight named January, and his young and beautiful wife, May. Throughout the entirety of the story many aspects are not clean. The first example of this is shown the night of the wedding. We are in holy wedlock, and we may. And blessed be the yoke that we are in For nothing we can do will count as sin. A man is not a sinner with his wife, He cannot hurt himself with his own knife; We have the law’s permission thus to play.’ And so he laboured till the break of day. (372-373) January was very adamant about his final wedding guests leaving so that he can be alone with May. In the time after they left, they took part in actions deemed not clean. As time went on in the story, May started to have very strong feelings for an attendant in the house named Damian. Their love was a secret from January, and only expressed within letters to one another. Until one day it was expressed in a much more extreme way. Catching a branch, and with a spring she thence - Ladies, I beg you not to take offence, I can’t embellish, I’m a simple man- Went up into the tree, and Damian Pulled up her smock at once and in he thrust (386) As clearly stated in this quote,

Fads in the 1940s Essay Example For Students

Fads in the 1940s Essay FADS OF THE 1940SDuring the 1940s, growing up in the United States of American became more complex. Technology provided new interest and amusements. The Great Depression and two world wars touch young peoples lives. Still some things did not change. Going to school and having fun were the only thing that children had to worry about. As the economy grew, many Americans were able to buy goods that were consider luxuries. Base ball continued to be a favorite sport of the Americans and with the National league out is was a hit in the 40s. During Warner Brothers first decade, its typical motion pictureoften a relatively low budget, extremely fast pacing, and a working class setting characterized a musical, a gangster film, or a film biography. Chuck Jones was an American motion-picture animator, writer, director, and producer, known for his work on many classic animated films. He was the creator of Bugs Bunny, Porky Pig, and Daffy Duck. In the early 1940s DC continued to innovate and to i ntroduce new superheroes. These included the Flash, who had superhuman speed; Green Lantern, whose magic ring of green meteorite gave him the power to shape energy; and Wonder Woman, an Amazon possessing superhuman strength and speed as well as the ability to deflect projectiles. Now with all these luxuries appliances on sale for a cheap price they were found every where in the states. Now there were refrigerators, electric toasters were only some of the appliances. The product that probally was the greatest effect on american life was the television set. In 1946 only about 17,000 television sets existed in the entrie country. In the 50s, almost 7 million set were sold each year.

Marriott Hotel International Total Quality Management

Brief introduction of Marriott Hotel International Marriott hotel international is one of the largest lodging companies globally. This company has maneuvered in more than 68 countries under the leadership of Mr. Marriott who is the chairperson and the chief executive officer.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marriott Hotel International Total Quality Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The leadership of Marriott is considered as a success of this company as it started as a family restaurant to a global lodging business. As the leader of the company, the chairperson says that, the company’s main vision is lead in offering lodging services in the world. The vision of this company is grounded on several issues like taking good care of the guests, possession of wide operating knowledge, making use of skilled and diverse workforce, and finally offering one of the best lodging services. Under the leaders hip of Marriott, the company has for several years continued to enjoy a strong customer base, and an improving growth of profitability. The origin and development of Total Quality Management The total quality management is a theory applied in most of organizations in efforts of improving quality and performance to meet or exceed customers’ needs. The only way through which the company can achieve this, is through application of quality functions and services in the entire company (Mukherjee, 2006). The total quality management incorporates the general quality actions taken by a company such as quality development, quality control, and above all ensuring there is quality assurance in the services offered by the company. The total quality management involves all levels of management as well as all the company employees. The origin of total quality management is believed to be quality assurance methods that existed during the First World War. The development of total quality man agement was made possible by the large-scale production that emerged after the war. This large production was associated with poor quality of the products services. To minimize the chances of producing poor quality services and products, some quality officers were appointed to ensure the entire production was of quality.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After the First World War, it was a common exercise in almost all manufacturing companies to inspect the quality of goods and services produced. The emergence of statistical quality control, gave an assurance of testing the quality of sample pieces, as it was not possible to inspect every commodity. By mid 1950s, the quality control exercise was crucial especially in Japanese industries, whereby all the employees could adopt the system within the company . By the late 1970s, the total quality exercise was widely used mostly b y the large companies, and was used by all employees starting from the top management to casual laborers. When other nations discovered how products manufactured in Japan were of good quality, they also started adopting the exercise of quality control. Application of TQM techniques in improving efficiency and effectiveness of business When companies make use of total quality management, there is a high probability of improving efficiency and effectiveness of the entire organization. For instance, Marriott hotel international have applied several techniques of TQM to ensure a positive outcome (Mukherjee, 2006). Through the assistance of the executive management, employees are trained on the concepts of offering good quality services to the customers. The main techniques that the management team of Marriott hotel international is employing qualified staffs, who gives a positive approach to those sensitive areas like the check in point, serving customers within the shortest time possib le, offering a friendly approach, and solving customers problems. Cleanliness of the rooms and wonderful housekeeping services may make all other wrongs to be forgiven by any guest. One aspect that constitutes to the good reputation of this company is the cleanliness especially the admirable housekeeping services that are offered. Moreover, to make their total quality management systems more effective, Marriott is providing an extensive training to all area managers as soon as they are hired. The major reason of doing this is to ensure that the leaders of the company are enlightened on how to offer quality services . Without a good leadership, it can be very challenging for any organization to offer best services and to attain its overall objectives.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marriott Hotel International Total Quality Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Once a manager is employed in this company, before offering services, they are booked into a one-week training program, where they are equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills to enable them serve the customers well. After undergoing this training, they are responsible of teaching other members of staff on how to offer quality services to customers. According to various researches done by several analysts, the outcomes of poor quality services in any business are very costly. Most of the time, the experience of poor quality services in an organization occur due to having employees who are not empowered fully to solve quality shortcomings, or presence of employees who are not willing to give adequate results. In our day-to-day lives, we have also experienced inadequate services in various organizations whereby, once served you feel like never coming back for more services. These negative experiences occur especially because of having a team of staff who never care about what they deliver, as they are never held respons ible for their mistakes (Mukherjee, 2006). To some extent, the management of the company is the source of this poor service delivery, because of failure to acknowledge employees that every person would be held responsible for his or her deeds. Once a company start trending in such manner, the likely consequence is loosing customers and creation of a good opportunity for the competitors to take over and serve the customers. Approaches towards improving customer care Currently the company has managed to come up with 18 different lodging brands that include limited service and full service that have a variety of services to serve the needs of any traveler. The company is currently managing and contracting various hotels and resorts under the Marriott. The work coverage of the company has widened with time due to expansion of its services. This expansion on the other hand has resulted to increment of the customers globally. Starting from the financial base of the company to its customer network, the company has a good record of expansion for the period it has existed in the market. It is an obligation of every company whether a non-profit or profit making to ensure that its customers are served satisfactorily with the best products or services. For the company to succeed in its operations, be it manufacturing or any other kind of business, the customer should be treated well through provision of quality services.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marriott being one of the biggest hotels internationally, with good reputation of its quality services, it has adapted a holistic system of formal Total Quality Management. This system is meant to ensure that the increasing customer coverage is offered with the best services of high quality. The hotel has made some extra efforts to ensure that every section of the hotel is equipped with quality services that are customer driven. The Marriott hotel international is under the category of service industry, and so its mandate to achieve its goals and objectives is to ensure its customers are happy. It is the nature of customers to share their experiences with others whether they are satisfied or not satisfied. For the company to ensure that their customers share a positive experience, the company should concentrate in making customers happy through admirable services. The reputation of the hotel and that of the brand depends mainly by the reactions of the customers. Customer satisfactio n is achieved easily through the application of Total Quality Management. Due to the wide acquired experience by the management of Marriott hotel international for the long period they have been in the market, they have pointed out the two main areas that are likely to be criticized by guests. The rooms and the check-ins are the most sensitive areas that require high quality services especially the front office. In Marriott hotel international these areas are well catered for by highly qualified staffs. Both the first contact and impression that guests receive in a service industry is very crucial, as he may keep coming back or may never desire such an experience again. How Total Quality Management contributes to Improving Quality, Efficiency Effectiveness Successful businesses like Marriott hotel international have a management system that understands the likely effect of offering quality services to the customers. Due to such realization, the most competitive businesses, keeps on regularly improving their quality standards. Regularly, through the business News we hear of most famous companies declaring that their priority is to make the dreams of their customers come true through offering quality services that would satisfy the customers and keep them coming back for more products and services. For instance, we heard of Ford Motor Company and Honda Motor Company announcing their first priority of satisfying their customers through wonderful and long lasting products that are friendly to the customer’s finances and to the environment (Clarke, 2007). Despite the fact that these companies are among the leaders globally, they still insist in improving the quality of their products to keep their customers happy. Even if the company have been in the market for a long duration of time, and have acquired many customers, the journey should not end there, as the customers’ needs are as dynamic as the products or the services in the market. The tastes an d preferences of the customers keep on changing with the advancement of the technology and the whole globalization. This calls for the companies to keep working harder to be in a position to handle the dynamic changes in the market especially the customer’s needs (Clarke, 2007). Although Marriott has been in the market for quite a long period, they have continually embraced the current total quality management systems to be in a position to handle the challenges during the tough economic periods. Just like other successful companies, Marriott hotel international has for several years tried to apply the total quality management system to handle and ensure a long-term survival and success through customer satisfaction . Several policies have been put in place to ensure this holistic system they adopted works out well. Due to their improved customer coverage, the productivity of the company also increased, and this is achieved by making all the employees in the company to partic ipate and feel as part of the entire company. The employees are encouraged by this system to assist in improving the various processes found in the company, services, and making the culture of the company a long lasting one. Quality leaders such as Joseph Juran have contributed much in interpreting what such a system should entail to ensure a productivity results. The total quality management system comes up with practices that when utilized well the company benefits much from offering good quality services and an increased productivity. Some of the practices that Marriott hotel international has incorporated in their operations include putting every employee busy to work to accomplish the transformation (Mukherjee, 2006). During the working hours, employees are ever busy with everyone taking a close inspection to his or her duties. Idleness of the employees is something unheard of in Marriott hotel international. During the time of relaxing, the employees are engaged in some talks meant to improve the services of the company. Another practice that has made this holistic system a success is through the provision of education programs to improve the efficiency of every employee. As technology advances, the demands of customers in the business also keep on changing and that is why these education programs are so important to the employees to keep them updated. Another aspect is by all means breaking barriers among staff working areas, if an employee discovers that there is something not attended to, if the person responsible is not available, he or she should attend to that duty first. Incase of any problem or a challenge employees are given a break through of reporting such issues as quick as possible to the right people for the problem to be fixed on time (Clarke, 2007). For a long duration of time, the Marriott and other successful companies they have been able to utilize the practices of total quality management for positive impacts in their companies. The a pplication of this complex system requires committed leaders and other team of staffs to work together through supporting one another to ensure the company improves its productivity. However, not in all cases that the application of total quality management ends up successful. Severally, some companies have reported failure of total quality management approach (Mukherjee, 2006). For instance, if a company had a weak culture from the beginning it would always be hard for this system to change that culture within a short time. A bad company culture remains in the minds of the company’s stakeholders, for a very long period. Even if the company may change, the stakeholders do not admit the change as they believe in what they experienced in the past. Another aspect that may result to a failure is lack of support and commitment from the leaders. It would be hard for the employees to bring change through this system without the help of the top management. The practices of total qual ity management require the contribution of every individual in the company. When a company is offering poor quality services, there is a great cost of customer dissatisfaction and loss of business . When on the other hand is fighting to achieve good quality services there is a cost to be incurred like prevention costs. These are the costs that Marriott and other companies have incurred in the process of preventing the occurrence of poor quality services in the company. These processes include maintaining records and data, as well as the cost of training the employees when setting them ready to handle the challenges. Another type of cost is appraisal costs that are incurred by the company in its efforts of uncovering defects. Another type of cost is internal failure cost, a cost that incurs within the premises, and is realized before the service or the product reaches the customer . All these costs are associated with the efforts of the company to avoid offering poor quality services or products. These costs are considered less expensive than the cost of offering poor quality services or products. Marriott hotel international has made efforts to incur such costs, than to allow poor quality services that would limit its continuity in the market. Through this, this company has continued pleasing its customers through quality services. Criticism of Total Quality Management approaches to tourism As much as total quality management is useful to various organizations, it faces several criticisms. To begin with, the total quality system is not directly related to the general organizational strategy. The decisions that are made by the organization concerning total quality management are not connected to finances or other marketing approaches (Mukherjee, 2006). It is argued that quality issues should be part of functional side, and should not be treated as a separate entity. Another important factor that total quality management lacks is a clear planning for its impleme ntation, which should indicate the goals and objectives, and how they should be achieved. Moreover, the TQM consists of unrealistic goals due to lack of managerial skills because of failure to train employees about the total quality management philosophy. The employees should be fully equipped with knowledge of TQM philosophy. Conclusion In conclusion, the Marriott hotel international has benefitted much from the application of total quality management. Just like any other hospitality industry, total quality management is important due to the competition of the customers . There is an increased number of hotels offering hospitality services globally, thus for a hotel to retain its customers and attract more should offer quality services. The shortcomings of this system are outweighed by its advantages, and so its application to any organization is of benefit. The teamwork of the management team and all levels of employers can work best for this system. For the employees to adhere to the system, they require much support from the top management. Bibliography Bank, J, (2002), Essence of Management series, New York, Prentice Hall. Books LIc, (2010), Marriott International: Islamabad Marriott Hotel International, New York, General Books LLC. Clarke, A, (2007), International hospitality management: concepts and cases, London, Butterworth-Heinemann. Hakes, C, (2004), Total quality management: the key to business improvement,  Michigan, Springer. Mukherjee, PN, (2006), Total Quality Management, New York, PHI Learning Pvt, Ltd. This report on Marriott Hotel International Total Quality Management was written and submitted by user Quinn I. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Anthropocentrism essays

Anthropocentrism essays Anthropocentrism and its Impact on Society Richard Tobin, an avid environmentalist so elequantly put, "The largest problem facing human society is not economic collapse, depletion of energy supplies, or even a nuclear war. What we should be worried about is habitat destruction and loss of biodiversity." Why aren't we focusing on something that can have such a drastic impact on our society? The answer may be a tough one for most Americans, and humans in general to swallow. Our neglect, and destruction of mother earth, is and will continue to lead to our demise. Our mindset is that of "use," instead of protection and preservation, our industrial culture proves this, as all society is out for is its our own progress and development. However, the application of this mindset and its financial and technological systems to all areas of the planet results in destruction of habitat, extinction of species, and destruction of indigenous cultures. The biodiversity crisis is about loss of critical species, populations and processes that perform necessary biological functions, and it is also about loss of many other values which are good in themselves and depend on preservation of natural diversity and wild evolutionary processes. Industrial society, including logging/forestry, the technological revolution, and agriculture and their development construe the Earth as only raw material to be used to satisfy consumption and production to meet not only vital needs, but inflated desires whose satisfaction requires more and more consumption. It perpetuates a dangerous cycle of greed, which will only end in death of all species. This is proved in a statement from Chris Brown, professor at Purdue University, "There have been many episodes where human impact on bioystems has caused their collapse, dating back to Paleolithic times. But the present era of mass extinction is without precedent; even the mass extinction at the beginning of the present Cen ...

Business insurance and how it affact on the taxes Essay

Business insurance and how it affact on the taxes - Essay Example The tax on insurance premium does not in reality have an effect on the individual policy holder in drastic ways. The more flourishing an insurance cover provider is, the higher their taxation on the insurance premium. Both IRS publication 334 (small business tax guide) and IRS publication 535(business expenses) are readily available in the internet and are a perfect resource for many business owners. Certain types of enterprises should be cautious, and make sure they get skilled tax assistance when they are preparing their income and when they are listing their premium deductions. This is as a result of the tax avoidance schemes which have been caught by IRS over the years. These unscrupulous people have made taxation in businesses exceedingly difficult no for everyone i.e. even for the fair tax payers. There is two common set of laws that are usually applied during the deduction of premiums. One of these laws is that insurance premiums have to be to the advantage of the enterprise and should be intended for a business purpose. The other is that, insurance covers benefitting groups e.g. managers, employees and owners alike and identifying the enterprise, are good. Those premiums that are paid for the advantage of one, normally the owner of the business are bad. There are a number of commonly accepted premium deductions. One of these is credit insurance. Credit insurance is used to cover losses from bad debts for business in order for it to continue running its activities. Another one is group hospitalization and employees’ medical insurance. This one also includes the long term care insurance. Liability insurance is also another one. It helps to protect the business from any losses which would arise from the liabilities within the business. Malpractice insurance also accepts premium deduction. This insurance covers one on personal liabilities for professional

Compare and contrast leadership and management styles of the United Research Proposal

Compare and contrast leadership and management styles of the United States Air Force and Cephalon, Inc. and how it impacts the c - Research Proposal Example This study would discuss the leadership skills they have taken for their country. Management controls or directs people/resources in a group according to principles or values that have already been established. A set of understandings or meanings shared by a group of people that are largely tacit among members and are clearly relevant and distinctive to the particular group which are also passed on to new members. â€Å"A set of common understandings around which action is organized†¦finding expression in language whose nuances are peculiar to the group† (Becker and Geer 1960). (Strategic Leadership and Decision Making: Organizational Culture, n.d). Purpose of study: This research is done to compare and contrast leadership and management styles of the United States Air Force and Cephalon, Inc. This research is done for finding the leadership styles and management styles of the USAF and Cephalon, Inc. This study includes the history, mission, vision, core values, raining p rocess, and opportunity of the organizations. Body: The most important responsibility of the USAF is national security, and their primary focus remained or strategic bombing, and plans for aerial release of nuclear bombs against the Soviet Union close air support to the Army to the delivery of tactical nuclear weapons on the combat zones. I’m retired Air Force and now an Air Force civilian at Pope AFB NC. Airman Raymond Losano and Tech .Sgt. John A.

Early Photography Essay Example for Free

Early Photography Essay Photography nowadays becomes an accessible form of hobby. The latest technology used for photography appears to be affordable for everybody who wants to pursue a skill in taking photos. Before the digital age, photography is known to be a pricey and a hard task to be an expert with but due to the accessibility that modern technology offer, photography is enjoyed by people coming from all walks of life. Capturing a real still-life image is the groundbreaking phenomenon that photography presented when it was created. The moment photography came to life; it opened an array of opportunities when it comes to media such as the television. Photography became established around early 1800s. The campaign for realism in any artistic endeavor flourished during the Renaissance period and the invention of photography was made out of that pursuit. Realism manifested in every form of art such as in sculpture, drawings, and paintings where the real-life images have been the goal of every artist to attain. Though photography has been established as a branch of art and science, capturing images was a subject of research during ancient civilizations such as in the time of the great Greek philosophers. Simple devices were developed in attempting to capture real images and as realism became an intense motivation in the arts and the study of science, the invention of photography contributed to various disciplines of its capability to capture real images. The invention of photography provided a whole new venue and easier way of capturing reality. Its popularity increased when sophisticated devices were further created and visual arts was taken into a different level. However, through the creation of photography, the interests to arts began to focus on taking real life pictures disregarding other forms of visual arts which were well-practiced before. Photography threatened painting and drawing because it brought the fullness and particularity of past reality alive in the present, a quality Benjamin calls the ‘spark of contingency. ’ The extension of industrial and mechanical means of reproduction to cultural products had a potentially transformatory impact on the traditional form of art. (Dant 115) This impact can be considered as the convenient use of cameras in photography. Unlike painting and drawing, producing does not take up so much time, inexpensive, and can be easily reproduced. Photography is indeed a breakthrough in the field of arts. It recorded the most important events in history with just one press of the shutter and reproduced and preserved throughout the years. Technology became an artist’s company in terms of executing his or her own concepts. Photography is a discipline of art which has been enhanced by modern technology. Without its invention, there would be no visual records of historical details which can be shown to the future generations. The photos generated by early photography served as a time machine to show what happened in the past. The preservation of such events like the two major World Wars became possible because of photography. Restoration and reproduction became easier and did not require lots of work, unlike with painting and drawings. Photography is an art. Just like painting and drawing, capturing the images from reality can be manipulated with usage of devices. In photography, to be able to achieve different results, natural light is the element in which it can be manipulated to be able to came up with an enhanced or various effects of a real image. The creative vision of the artist is the main tool for photography to consider as an art because the camera is just a tool and the settings are provided for the photographer’s use. This vision is being performed in photography in manually positioning of artificial and natural light and the object itself through the lens. The works of modern photographers such as Cindy Sherman became known for their photos where they determine the position of lights and the objects. Photography is a discipline where there are theories to follow but for it be called an art, it is highly dependent on the execution of the photographer. References Dant, T. (2003). Critical Social Theory. USA: Sage.

Walter Dean Myers’ Monster - Guilty Until Proven Innocent Essay

Walter Dean Myers’ Monster - Guilty Until Proven Innocent Monster is an example of what Patty Campbell would call a â€Å"landmark book.† Texts such as these â€Å"encourage readers to interact with the text and with one another by employing a variety of devices, among them ambiguity† (Campbell 1) Because it is told through the eyes of Steve himself, the plot can be difficult to decipher. It is ambiguous whether he is innocent or guilty of being involved with the crime. Steve learned to make things unpredictable from his film teacher Mr. Sawicki who teaches him, â€Å"If you make your film predictable, they’ll make up their minds about it long before it’s over† (19). Steve took his teacher’s advice and made this film script entirely unpredictable, even after it is over. His lawyer, O’Brien, says in her closing statement, â€Å"What can we trace as to the guilt or innocence of my client, Steve Harmon?† (245) This leaves the jury with an undoubtedly difficult decision, as well as the rea der, because there are clues to both guilt and innocence in Steve’s case. What we do know is that many people think Steve is guilty. One of the guards describes the case, â€Å"Six days – maybe seven. It’s a motion case. They go through the motions; then they lock them up† (14). The judicial system has many flaws, one of which being that they assume guilt before proof when it comes to people like Steve. The phrase â€Å"innocent until proven guilty† does not apply to cases like his. As prosecutor Petrocelli states in reference to people like Steve, â€Å"There are also monsters in our communities – people who are willing to steal and to kill, people who disregard the rights of others† (21). O’Brien succinctly sums this up for Steve, â€Å"You’re young, you’re Black, and you’re on ... ... to jail. He moved away, and the distance between us seemed to grow bigger and bigger† (280). The reader is left pondering the good character of Steve, the bad friends he spent time with, the doctoring of his testimony, and the information that Steve provided us hinting both at his guilt and at his innocence. We are comfortable with the fact that he has been let free, but has been warned. If he were involved in the crime, at least he may have learned his lesson through his time in prison and on trial. If he were not involved in the crime, at least he is free to start over and move on from the experience. Works Cited Campbell, Patty. â€Å"Radical Monster.† The Horn Book Magazine. Boston: Nov/Dec 1999. Vol. 75, Iss. 6; pg. 769. Dean Myers, Walter. Monster. New York: Harper Tempest, 1999. Kus, Jonathan. â€Å"Monster: A critical look from the outside.† April 13, 2004.

Arranged Marriages Forced

Arranged Marriages Forced Although the modern social norms of western cultures expect marriage to be based on love and a strong bond between two people, this is not the basis for marriage in all cultures or societies. Although the greater parts of arranged marriages aren’t intended to be forced, the couples are given the chance to oppose their chosen partners if they don’t feel that the marriage would be a success. In other cases, the couples have no choice; it’s a sign of disrespect to refuse. Many people have a major misunderstanding of the arranged marriage. Many cultures world-wide have believed in the tradition of arranged marriages for many Centuries and some still practice it today. The best way to understand the reasoning behind such cultures is to put aside your own beliefs, opinions, and preconceived ideas in order to see more clearly before dismissing it has wrong. One of the most difficult changes to make in a marriage is the acceptance of your partners’ beliefs and or values compared to what you believe. And yet, in arranged marriages it’s assumed that the couple is perfectly matched, as the families of their son or daughter will choose prospective partners from the same culture, religion, and social class. The similar back ground can ease the process of good communication as well as reduce conflict in any and all decisions such as how the children should be raised. In many cultures the spouse will sometimes live with or in the same neighborhood of their partners’ family. In difficult times, this could mean that they have a strong social network on hand to provide support. In other cases, the interference from the family members or other people within the neighborhood may seem like they are interfering. On the other hand, when there are problems that need solved, having a person nearby to act as a mediator or counselor is beneficial. Contrary to the â€Å"old â€Å" arranged marriage, in which children are forbidden from choosing their own partners, the modern arranged marriage is not about being forced into federation. It’s about relying on their match making mastery of Mom and Dad (Holly McKay 2007). One of major criticism made of arranged marriages is that love takes a back seat and that the emphasis is rather a social standing and cultural back ground. These cultures tend to value the social and economic possibility of the marriage over the strength of emotion between the couple. It's important to understand both the distinctions between arranged and forced marriage and the fact that they sometimes overlap. While arranged marriages have brought happiness and stability to couples and communities, forced marriages are by nature exploitative and unequal (Amanda Kloer, 2009). They key factor present in an arranged marriage is the consent of both people getting married to be matched and married through a third party arrangement. (Amanda Kloer, 2009) Forced marriages are arranged, but without the consent of both parties –specifically, usually without the woman's consent (Amanda Kloer, 2009). It is often easy to dismiss concepts that we are not familiar with or that we do not understand, yet, by taking an open-minded approach, it’s usually apparent that any marriage contains just as many advantages as disadvantages ? Reference list McKay, Holly (June 29, 2009) Because mom said so: Are Arranged Marriages the next big Trend? http://foxnews. com/0,3566,287211,00. html retrieved April 11, 2010. Kloer, Amanda (September 8, 2009) Arranged Marriage vs. Forced Marriage. http://humantrafficking. change. org/blog/view/arranged_marriage_vs_forced_marriage Retrieved April 11, 2010.

Energy Joint Genome Institute ( Mpi ) For Terrestrial...

This is the introduction and presents the problem the paper addresses. Now a team from the Max-Planck-Institute (MPI) for Terrestrial Microbiology in Marburg, Germany, by tapping the DNA synthesis expertise of the U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute (DOE JGI), has reverse engineered a biosynthetic pathway for more effective carbon fixation. This novel pathway is based on a new CO2-fixing enzyme that is nearly 20 times faster than the most prevalent enzyme in nature responsible for capturing CO2 in plants by using sunlight as energy. The study was published in the November 18, 2016 issue of Science. We had seen how efforts to directly assemble synthetic pathways for CO2-fixation in a living organism did not succeed so far, said Tobias Erb of MPI, who led the study. So we took a radically different, reductionist approach by assembling synthetic principal components in a bottom-up fashion in a test tube The team started with several theoretical CO2-fixation routes that coul d result in continuous carbon cycling. But they didn t stop there. We did not restrict our design efforts to known enzymes, but considered all reactions that seemed biochemically feasible, Erb said. Unlike DNA sequencing, where the language of life is read from the genome of an organism, DNA synthesis entails first the identification of a particular genetic element -- such as an enzyme for fixing carbon from the atmosphere -- and writing and expressing that code in a new system. In the